Fe3+-induced coordination cross-linking gallic acid-carboxymethyl cellulose self-healing hydrogel.

Self-healing hydrogel is a promising soft material for applications in wound dressings, drug delivery, tissue engineering, biomimetic electronic skin, and wearable electronic devices. However, it is a challenge to fabricate the self-healing hydrogels without external stimuli. Inspired by mussel, the metal-catechol complexes were introduced into the hydrogel systems to prepare the mussel-inspired hydrogels by regulating the gelation kinetics of Fe3+ crosslinkers with gallic acid (GA) in this research. The amine-functionalized carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was grafted with GA and then chelated with Fe3+ to form a multi-response system. The crosslinking of carboxymethyl cellulose-ethylenediamine-gallic acid (CEG) hydrogel was controlled by adjusting the pH to affect the iron coordination chemistry, which could enhance the self-healing properties and mechanical strength of hydrogels. In addition, the CEG hydrogel exhibited great antibacterial and antioxidant properties. And the CEG hydrogel could strongly adhere to the skin tissue. The adhesion strength of CEG hydrogel on pigskin was 11.44 kPa, which is higher than that of commercial wound dressings (∼5 kPa). Moreover, the thixotropy of the CEG hydrogel was confirmed with rheological test. In summary, it has great potential in the application field of wound dressing.

Effects of heated-treating temperature on the stability and electrochemical performance of alginate-based multi-crosslinked biomembranes.

In this study, the organosilane nanoparticles as additive and crosslinker were prepared and incorporated into sodium alginate to fabricate a series of alginate-based multi-crosslinked biomembranes at different thermal treatment temperature without the usage of another crosslinking agent. The effects of treatment temperature on the stability of biomembranes including dimensional, oxidative, hydrolytic and mechanical stability were investigated in detail. As a whole, the stability of biomembranes exhibited increasing tendency with the increment of treatment temperature due to the formation of more compact internal network structure. The electrochemical performance of biomembranes in respect to their potential as proton exchange membranes for direct methanol fuel cell application were also investigated based on the treatment temperature. The results revealed that the biomembranes possessed excellent methanol resistance and the methanol diffusion coefficient decreased with the increment of treatment temperature. The biomembrane with 120 °C heat-treatment showed the optimal selectivity (14.30 × 105 Ss cm-3), which was about 1.77 and 68.10 times of that and of M-80 (8.09 × 105 Ss cm-3) and Nafion@117 (0.21 × 105 Ss cm-3), respectively. Fuel cell performance measurements showed that M-120 possessed higher maximum power density and cell stability compared with M-80 and Nafion@117, indicating its best adaptability for use in direct methanol fuel cell.

Fabrication of carboxymethyl cellulose-based thermo-sensitive hydrogels and inhibition of corneal neovascularization.

Corneal neovascularization (CNV) is a common multifactorial sequela of anterior corneal segment inflammation, which could lead to visual impairment and even blindness. The main treatments available are surgical sutures and invasive drug injections, which could cause serious ocular complications. To solve this problem, a thermo-sensitive drug-loaded hydrogel with high transparency was prepared in this study, which could achieve the sustained-release of drugs without affecting normal vision. In briefly, the thermo-sensitive hydrogel (PFNOCMC) was prepared from oxidized carboxymethyl cellulose (OCMC) and aminated poloxamer 407 (PF127-NH2). The results proved the PFNOCMC hydrogels possess high transparency, suitable gel temperature and time. In the CNV model, the PFNOCMC hydrogel loading bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) showed significant inhibition of CNV, this is due to the hydrogel allowed the drug to stay longer in the target area. The animal experiments on the ocular surface were carried out, which proved the hydrogel had excellent biocompatibility, and could realize the sustained-release of loaded drugs, and had a significant inhibitory effect on the neovascularization after ocular surface surgery. In conclusion, PFNOCMC hydrogels have great potential as sustained-release drug carriers in the biomedical field and provide a new minimally invasive option for the treatment of neovascular ocular diseases.

10-hydroxycamptothecin-loaded starch-based microcapsules with the stepwise responsive release strategy for targeted controlled release.

Controlled and accurate drug release at the target site have been the focus of research. Especially in cancer therapy, economical, convenient and accurate delivery strategies could help to reduce the toxic effects of drugs on normal tissues and improve drug availability. In the study, glutathione (GSH)-responsive microcapsules (FA-RSMCs) were prepared by sonochemical method based on thiolated modified starch. 10-Hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) was designed as a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive polyprodrug (polyHCPT), which was loaded into the core of the microcapsules to obtain stepwise released drug delivery carriers. In the tumor microenvironment, FA-RSMCs first triggered GSH-responsive cleavage to release polyHCPT, followed by ROS-responsive cleavage of polyHCPT to release intact HCPT drug molecules. The results of experiments in simulated tumor microenvironment showed that FA-RSMCs exhibited good cascade-response release properties in vitro. It exhibited good anti-tumor ability and protection of normal cells in cytotoxicity in vitro. This strategy enhanced the accuracy and safety of targeted delivery of HCPT via microcapsules, which has potential for clinical application.

Chitosan-based mussel-inspired hydrogel for rapid self-healing and high adhesion of tissue adhesion and wound dressings.

The hydrogel wound dressing with self-healing and adhesive property can provide better protection to the wound and prolong the service life of the material. Inspired by mussels, a high-adhesion, injectable, self-healing and antibacterial hydrogel was designed in this study. The lysine (Lys) and the catechol compound 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were grafted onto chitosan (CS). The presence of catechol group endows the hydrogel strong adhesion and antioxidation. In the experiment of wound healing in vitro, the hydrogel can adhere to the wound surface and promote wound heal. In addition, it has been proved the hydrogel has good antibacterial properties against S. aureus and E. coli. The treatment of CLD hydrogel, the degree of wound inflammation was significantly alleviated. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6 and TGF-ß1 were reduced from 39.8379 %, 31.6768 %, 32.1015 % and 38.4911 % to 18.5931 %, 12.2275 %, 13.0524 % and 16.9959 %, respectively. And the levels of PDGFD and CD31 were increased from 35.6054 %, 21.7394 % to 51.8555 %, 43.9326 %, respectively. These results indicated that the CLD hydrogel has a good ability to promote angiogenesis, thickening of skin and epithelial structures.

Stimulus-responsive starch-based nanocapsules for targeted delivery and antibacterial applications.

Polysaccharide materials have attracted a widespread interest in the biomedical materials field due to their non-toxic, biocompatible and biodegradable properties. In this research, starch was modified with chloroacetic acid, folic acid (FA) and thioglycolic acid and then starch-based nanocapsules loaded with curcumin (FA-RSNCs@CUR) were prepared by the convenient oxidation method. The nanocapsules were prepared with stable particle size distribution of 100 nm. In the drug release test simulating the tumor microenvironment in vitro, the cumulative CUR release rate at 12 h was 85.18 %. Due to FA and FA receptor mediation, it only took 4 h for FA-RSNCs@CUR to achieve internalization by HeLa cells. In addition, cytotoxicity confirmed that starch-based nanocapsules have good biocompatibility as well as protection of normal cells in vitro. And FA-RSNCs@CUR showed certain antibacterial properties in vitro. Therefore, FA-RSNCs@CUR has good potential for future applications in food preservation and wound dressing, and so on.

Fabrication of alginate-based multi-crosslinked biomembranes for direct methanol fuel cell application.

The alginate-based multi-crosslinked biomembranes (ABMCBs) were prepared mainly with sodium alginate as matrix and self-made functionalized organosilane containing different groups as additive. The properties of ABMCBs with various additive loading were investigated as proton exchange membranes (PEMs). The results showed that higher water absorption and lower swelling were obtained simultaneously with increasing additive loading, which is very beneficial to the use of PEMs. The ABMCB-4 containing 40 wt% additive exhibited the optimal selectivity and maximum power density, which were obviously higher than that of commercial Nafion@ 117. Furthermore, ABMCB-4 possessed excellent mechanical property, methanol barrier and stability, indicating its potential adaptability as PEM for direct methanol fuel cell application.

Advances in chitosan-based microcapsules and their applications.

Microcapsules have attracted attention due to their widespread applications. Among the numerous wall materials of microcapsules, chitosan is a promising candidate due to its various merits, such as natural, nontoxic, biocompatible and biodegradable. Chitosan-based microcapsules have broad application scope and application prospects. Recently, chitosan-based microcapsules are used in biomedical and food science increasingly, which show the great practical application potential of chitosan microcapsules. This review discussed and analyzed the preparation methods and design strategies of chitosan-based microcapsules for various applications. And summarized the design considerations of the chitosan-based microcapsule in different applications for biomedical and food science. It is expected to provide researchers with inspiration and design ideas about chitosan-based microcapsules.

Injectable chitosan-based self-healing supramolecular hydrogels with temperature and pH dual-responsivenesses.

In this study, a supramolecular hydrogel was fabricated with orotic acid (OA) modified chitosan (OACS) and 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP). The obtained OACS-DAP supramolecular hydrogels have dual responsiveness to temperature and pH. Phase transition experiments indicate this is a temperature-dependent thermoreversible supramolecular hydrogel. Rheological experiments proved the formation of the supramolecular hydrogel and its thixotropic properties. FTIR spectra confirmed that hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions are the main driving forces for OACS and DAP to form hydrogels through intermolecular self-assembly. XRD pattern confirmed the amorphous morphology of OACS-DAP hydrogels. The hydrogel has excellent electrical conductivity with a conductivity of 9.48 µ S·cm-1. And can achieve the precise release of gastrointestinal drugs. OACS-DAP hydrogel is expected to have better applications in the field of gastrointestinal drug release.

Schiff Base Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogens for Sensing Applications: A Review.

Fluorescence sensing can not only identify a target substrate qualitatively but also achieve the purpose of quantitative detection through the change of the fluorescence signal. It has the advantages of immense sensitivity, rapid response, and excellent selectivity. The proposed aggregation-induced emission (AIE) concept solves the problem of the fluorescence of traditional fluorescent molecules becoming weak or quenched in high concentration or aggregated state conditions. Schiff base fluorescent probes have the advantages of simple synthesis, low toxicity, and easy design. They are often used for the detection of various substances. In this review we cover late developments in Schiff base compounds with AIE characteristics working as fluorescence sensors.

Advances in polysaccharide-based nano/microcapsules for biomedical applications: A review.

Biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharides are abundant and renewable natural materials. Polysaccharides and their derivatives are developed into various carrier materials for biomedical applications. In particular, advanced polysaccharide-based nano/microcapsules have received extensive attention in biomedical applications due to their good encapsulation ability and tunability. In recent years, polysaccharide-based nano/microcapsules have been widely used in drug carriers, gene carriers, antigen carriers, wound dressings, bioimaging and biosensors. Numerous research results have confirmed the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of polysaccharide-based nano/microcapsules in the above-mentioned biomedical applications. This review discussed and analyzed the latest research strategies and design considerations for these applications in detail. The preparation methods, application strategies, and design considerations of polysaccharide-based nano/microcapsules are summarized and analyzed, and their challenges and future research prospects in biomedicine are further discussed. It is expected to provide researchers with inspiration and design ideas.

Sustainable aggregation-induced emission material based on pectin-l-lysine: Potential antibacterial and monitoring in food spoilage.

The demand of smart food detection system which in detecting food spoilage is increasing. In this work, a new type of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) compound was synthesized based on pectin (P) and l-lysine (Lys). P-Lys is an AIE active compound which has the advantages of simple synthesis, easy modification and processability, it also has good water solubility and biocompatibility. Moreover, P-Lys has potential application in detecting Fe3+ (oxidation from Fe2+) and bacterial in monitoring pork spoilage. In addition, P-Lys also has spectral antibacterial properties which can prevent pork spoilage. The research results shown that P-Lys, as a new type of food testing agent has a useful future in monitoring and protecting the freshness of food.

Chitosan-salicylide Schiff base with aggregation-induced emission property and its multiple applications.

Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) active compounds are fascinated due to their unique properties of limiting intramolecular rotation, and they have been developed in the biomedical fields. In this work, AIE material based on the Schiff base compound of chitosan (Cs) and salicylaldehyde (SA) was designed and synthesized. Cs-SA emits weak light in dilute aqueous solution, and emits bright light in concentrated solution and solid, showing obvious AIE performance. In addition, Cs-SA can also be used as a biosensor to detect Fe3+, and Cu2+, it has good bioimaging behavior. In addition, it can also be used as biosensor to quantitatively detect gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria, Moreover, Cs-SA shows excellent broad spectrum antibacterial performance in inhibiting E. coli and S. aureus.

Corrigendum to "Photoluminescence of Tilapia skin collagen: Aggregation-induced emission with clustering triggered emission mechanism and its multiple applications" [Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 182 (2021) 1437-1444].

There is an urgent need for natural sources of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) materials which have good water solubility, biocompatibility, and can be produced in large quantities. Here, Tilapia skin collagen (Tsc) is a very abundant protein in nature, with solid-phase and solution-state fluorescence emission effect and its multiple applications was explored.Due to Tsc was in high concentration or aggregation state which shown AIE property. This obvious emission can be account for clustering-triggered emission (CTE) mechanism. The photoluminescence property of Tsc not only provide a deeper understanding of the emission characteristics of proteins, but also has important guiding significance for further elucidating the basis of fluorescence properties.

Recent advances in polysaccharide-based self-healing hydrogels for biomedical applications.

Hydrogels are a class of polymer materials with three-dimensional networks structure, which can absorb a large number of water and biological fluids. Natural polysaccharides are ideal materials for the preparation of biomimetic hydrogels because of their good biocompatibility and biodegradability. The self-healing hydrogel can achieve healing without external force and prolong the service life of the hydrogel. Therefore, self-healing hydrogels are of great interest in tissue engineering, wound dressings, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. This review aims to introduce the preparation methods, self-healing properties of polysaccharide-based self-healing hydrogels and its potential applications in biomedicine and other fields.

Review on design strategies and considerations of polysaccharide-based smart drug delivery systems for cancer therapy.

The unique natural advantages of polysaccharide materials have attracted attention in biomedical applications. The abundant modifiable functional groups on the polysaccharide materials surface can facilitate the synthesis of various multifunctional drug delivery carriers. Especially in tumor therapy, the designs of polysaccharide-based drug delivery carriers are diverse. Therefore, this review summarized several latest types of polysaccharide-based drug carriers designs, and focused on the latest design strategies and considerations of drug carriers with polysaccharides as the main structure. It is expected to provide some design ideas and inspiration for subsequent polysaccharide-based drug delivery systems.

Thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-hyaluronic acid nano-hydrogel and its multiple applications.

It is a huge challenge to construct a nanoprobe that can convert temperature stimulation into monochromatic signal with "turn-on" function. Here, a drug delivery system of berberine (BBR)-loaded hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified-L-cysteine (Cys) grafted (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) was structured. HA-Cys-PN/BBR does not need to introduce other substances or external stimuli, by adjusting the temperature of this system, the fluorescence responsive intensity and reversible reciprocating control of the nanohydrogel with aggregation induced emission (AIE) performance can be realized. In addition, CD44-HA interaction can be used as targeting the delivery of cancer cells, thus, there is a great interest in development of targeting and imaging agents as payloads for tumor tissue therapy. Therefore, it can provide a side of the development with self-released drugs in the therapy of cancers or bacterial infections. Thus, HA-Cys-PN/BBR as AIE reversible nanogel has longer-term applications in biomedical applications.

Seeking brightness from nature: Sustainable AIE macromolecule with clustering-triggered emission of xanthan gum and its multiple applications.

Unconventional biomacromolecule luminescent agents have attracted widespread attention due to the potential applications in diverse fields. In order to explore new luminescent agents and gain a comprehensive understanding of their emission mechanism, the emission behavior of xanthan gum was investigated. Xanthan gum shown obvious aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics in concentration solution. Moreover, xanthan gum has shown potential values in intracellular imaging and can be used as a biosensor for detecting Fe3+ and Cu2+ in human serum.

Seeking Aggregation-Induced Emission Materials in Food: Oat ß-Glucan and Its Diverse Applications.

With the basic understanding and broad application prospects of luminescent materials, the emission mechanism of unconventional luminescent agents has been revealed gradually. Here, we report a non-conjugated biomass material, oat ß-glucan (oat-ß-Glu), which actually does not emit light in a dilute solution but emits significantly when forming aggregates. Inherently visible emission of oat-ß-Glu from the concentrated solutions and solid state could be observed. In addition, we have observed room temperature phosphorescence in oat-ß-Glu powders, which is also unusual in pure organic materials. It can be proposed that the luminescence property of oat-ß-Glu originates from the spatial conjugation of the oxygen atoms of oat-ß-Glu. This clustering-triggered emission mechanism may well be expanded to other unconventional biomacromolecules, inspiring the rational design of luminescent agents. Due to its good biocompatibility and intrinsic emission characteristics, oat-ß-Glu has shown great potential application prospects in bioimaging and biosensors.

Sonochemical preparation of folate-decorated reductive-responsive carboxymethylcellulose-based nanocapsules for targeted drug delivery.

In this study, a biocompatible folate-decorated reductive-responsive carboxymethylcellulose-based nanocapsules (FA-RCNCs) were designed and prepared via sonochemical method for targeted delivery and controlled release of hydrophobic drugs. The shell of FA-RCNCs was cross-linked by disulfide bonds formed from hydrosulfuryl groups on the thiolated carboxymethylcellulose (TCMC) and encapsulated hydrophobic drug dispersed in the oil phase into nanocapsules. Moreover, the size and morphology of drug loaded FA-RCNCs were characterized by DLS, SEM and CLSM which indicated that the synthesized nanocapsules have suitable size range and excellent stability for circulating in the bloodstream. The drug release rate of FA-RCNCs could be controlled by adjusting their sizes and shell thickness, which could be dominated by the concentration of TCMC and sonochemical conditions. Furthermore, the obtained FA-RCNCs could be ingested into Hela cells via folate-receptor (FR)-mediated endocytosis and quickly release drugs under reductive environment, which demonstrated that FA-RCNCs could become potential hydrophobic drugs carries for cancer therapy.